A hierarchical carbon trading and optimisation scheduling strategy for integrated energy system with electric vehicles

The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into integrated energy systems (IES) presents new challenges for achieving low-carbon, economically efficient operations due to fluctuating demand and increased carbon emissions. This paper proposes an optimised scheduling model incorporating a stepped carbon trading mechanism and demand response strategies to address these challenges. First, a multi-stage carbon pricing model is developed to encourage EVs to charge during low-carbon periods, effectively reducing system-wide emissions. Then, a multi-period pricing response mechanism is introduced to guide EV charging behaviours, aligning energy consumption with low-demand intervals. Finally, simulations are conducted to analyse the impact of varying EV loads on system performance, demonstrating the model's benefits in cost savings, emissions reduction, and load balancing. Case studies validate that the proposed model significantly enhances the low-carbon economic efficiency of IES, particularly as EV penetration increases, by leveraging flexible load distribution and responsive pricing strategies.