Wait a Moment! Unpacking a 2 × 2 Framework of Workplace Delay Behaviors

Research on workplace delay behaviors, particularly procrastination, has been extensive. However, a theoretical consensus on defining procrastination and a comprehensive framework for understanding workplace delays remain lacking. To address this gap, we developed a 2x2 framework based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. This framework classifies delay behaviors according to their nature—rational versus irrational—and their underlying intentions—pro-organization versus pro-self—offering a more holistic understanding of workplace delays. Through qualitative interviews with individuals from diverse occupations, we identified four distinct types of delay behaviors: Procrastination, adaptive delay, hedonistic delay, and utilitarian delay. Each type is linked to unique sets of antecedents and outcomes, providing new insights into why employees delay tasks and how these behaviors affect both individual and organizational outcomes. Theoretical contribution, managerial implications, and future research directions are discussed.